The usual concern about screen time is its effect on mental health, but scientists are increasingly studying how long-term use of smartphones and other digital devices affects the body.

Medical experts say looking at screens for long hours can lead to poor posture, muscle strain, skin irritation and changes in motor skills. But there is no good scientific evidence to support some of the most frequent claims, such as that the devices directly cause wrinkles or permanently change everybody’s body structure.

Poor posture and ‘tech neck’

Another very common concern is “forward head posture” or “tech neck.” Staring down at a smartphone for long periods of time adds stress to the neck and upper spine.

Studies show this position can cause neck pain, muscle fatigue and strain over time. Poor posture is also a constant concern, as it can affect the joints of the spine and the surrounding muscles. The severity varies from person to person and depends on factors like general health, activity level and length of time exposed.

Health professionals recommend the following simple steps to reduce strain:

  • Keep phones closer to the eye.
  • Position your computer screens at eye level.
  • Take regular movement breaks during long periods of screen use.
  • If you have neck pain, see your doctor or physical therapist.

More is known about skin irritation than wrinkles from “tech neck”

Some social media posts say repeated neck bending causes premature neck wrinkles. Dermatologists say the theory is plausible since repetitive skin folding can contribute to wrinkle formation, but there is currently limited scientific evidence directly linking smartphone use to neck wrinkles.

The medical field is better equipped to address skin irritation from wearable technology.

Dermatologists warn that wearing smartwatches constantly can trap moisture against the skin, raising the risk of irritation, eczema or yeast overgrowth. Some users may also develop allergic reactions to substances such as nickel, rubber, latex or acrylates.

Experts recommend removing wearable devices occasionally, washing both the skin and the device, and using barrier creams if irritation occurs.

More time inside could affect eye health

Myopia, or nearsightedness, has increased dramatically worldwide in the last few decades.

Research suggests that prolonged close-up work alone cannot explain the increase in myopia. Experts, instead, cite reduced outdoor time as a major contributing factor, particularly for children.

It appears that exposure to natural daylight helps the healthy development of eyes, but the biological mechanisms are still being researched.

Health experts urge more time outdoors, wearing sunglasses and sunscreen for protection of the eyes and skin where appropriate.

Grip strength can be a clue to overall health

The strength of the hand grip is used more and more as an indicator of general health. Weaker grip strength has been associated with a higher risk of illness, disability and premature mortality.

Declines in grip strength have also been reported in younger populations, which may reflect more widespread declines in physical activity and increases in sedentary lifestyles.

While technology itself is unlikely to be the sole cause, experts say that long periods of sitting and a lack of physical activity may contribute to weaker muscles over time.

Regular resistance training, exercise and hand-strengthening activities can help maintain muscle function.

Screen time and motor development

Researchers are also looking into the possible effects of heavy screen time on motor skills.

Some studies have suggested that digital devices might help with task-specific skills, such as tapping or swiping on screens. Evidence, particularly in children, suggests that excessive screen time may be associated with poorer development of broader fine motor skills.

Experts say most of the research that exists only shows associations, not direct cause and effect, and more long-term studies are needed.

Keeping your balance

Health specialists say the problem is not the devices themselves. Problems occur when screen time replaces physical activity, outdoor time and healthy movement throughout the day.

Simple habits like good posture, taking regular breaks, exercising, spending time outside, and limiting long periods of unbroken screen time can help mitigate many of the physical effects associated with modern technology.